Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. [1] Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. [2] Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and ...Nov 30, 2021 · Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ... Feb 28, 2022 · Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 treatments. The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming ... Antiviral medications can help your immune system fight back by helping stop the virus from multiplying your body. This lowers the amount of virus in your body with the goal of you having less severe symptoms and recovering more quickly. Antiviral therapy is not a cure for COVID-19.Jul 21, 2023 · Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ... Who can and cannot take it. How and when to take it. Side effects. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility. Taking Paxlovid with other medicines and herbal supplements. Many medications are available to treat COVID-19, including oral treatments like Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir / ritonavir) and Lagevrio (molnupiravir). In late May 2023, the FDA fully approved Paxlovid for COVID-19. It’s the first oral antiviral that is approved to treat the condition. It was previously only available for emergency use. Jan 24, 2022 · The most plentiful is the antiviral drug remdesivir, sold by Gilead Sciences under the brand name Veklury.First approved by the FDA in 2020 for COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization, Gilead ... Antiviral drugs are different from antibiotics, which fight against bacterial infections. Antiviral drugs for flu only work to treat flu. Flu antiviral drugs are different than antiviral drugs used to treat other infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Antiviral drugs prescribed to treat COVID-19 are not approved or authorized to treat flu.May 26, 2023 · There are two antiviral medications that have been issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. FDA: Pfizer’s Paxlovid and Merck’s molnupiravir. Both treatments are in limited supply, and a prescription does not guarantee the medication will be available. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 ... Feb 19, 2016 · Nucleoside viral DNA polymerases are the specific target of a number of antiviral drugs currently used to inhibit viral replication. Most antiviral approved drugs which inhibit a DNA polymerase are nucleoside analogues. They represent the most productive source of antiviral agents. These agents need to be phosphorylated to their active form. Nov 30, 2021 · Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ... The US Food and Drug Administration hasn't listed oseltamivir in its drug shortage database, but the agency did acknowledge "localized shortages" of the drug on Dec 5. Drug restocking date uncertain Antiviral therapy is an important adjunct to vaccination in the prevention and control of the flu and can reduce the duration of flu symptoms and ...Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai...If you have a Medicare card, and are eligible, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme PBS subsidises the cost of oral antiviral COVID-19 medication. From 1 January 2023 the maximum that a pharmacy can charge per oral medication is: $7.30 for concession cardholders. State and territory hospitals can provide the oral antivirals if you are advised to ...Today, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 ...Antiviral Treatments That the Panel Recommends Against The Panel recommends against the use of the following drugs for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial: Interferon alfa or beta in nonhospitalized patients ( AIIa ) Interferon alfa in hospitalized patients ( AIIa )Dec 29, 2021 · New antiviral pills for COVID-19 recently authorized for emergency use in high-risk people by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration should give doctors an easier means of keeping people out of the ... Nov 25, 2021 · The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1 Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and ... May 26, 2023 · There is strong scientific evidence that antiviral treatment of outpatients at risk for severe COVID-19 reduces their risk of hospitalization and death.; The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdesivir (Veklury) are the preferred treatments for eligible adult and pediatric patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses known as Betacoronavirus in Coronaviridae, first reported late 2019 in China. It has since been circulating world-wide, causing the COVID-19 epidemic with high infectivity and fatality rates. As of the beginning of April 2021, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 130 ...1. How does Paxlovid work? Paxlovid is an antiviral therapy that consists of two separate medications packaged together. When you take your three-pill dose, two of those pills will be nirmatrelvir, which inhibits a key enzyme that the COVID virus requires in order to make functional virus particles.And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start.COVID-19 antiviral medicines are available to treat eligible people with COVID-19 at home. You must start taking COVID-19 medicines within the first 5 days of becoming unwell with COVID-19. When taken early in your COVID-19 illness, antivirals can help you stay out of hospital. These medicines are free for eligible people within 5 days of their ...There is strong scientific evidence that antiviral treatment of outpatients at risk for severe COVID-19 reduces their risk of hospitalization and death.; The antiviral drugs nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) and remdesivir (Veklury) are the preferred treatments for eligible adult and pediatric patients who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19.Together, 2 antiviral drugs, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (brand name Pfizer-Paxlovid ®), are authorized to treat adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 who show symptoms and are at high risk of serious illness, including hospitalization or death. This is the first authorized COVID-19 treatment that people can take orally at home.Nov 30, 2021 · Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ... Nov 16, 2022 · This section describes trends in the use of COVID-19 medications that have been shown to be effective in lowering risk for severe health outcomes, including COVID-19–related deaths. Data presented are from PCORnet , a network of healthcare facilities that contains electronic health record data for over 30 million people. Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir / ritonavir; co-packaged) - approved as an oral antiviral treatment for certain adults. It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. Paxlovid is not approved for use as pre-exposure or post-exposure ...The treatments available for people at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 are: Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir are antiviral medicines. Sotrovimab is known as a neutralising monoclonal antibody (nMAb). Sotrovimab is recommended if nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) is not suitable. Dec 2, 2020 · n engl j med 384;6 nejm.org February 11, 2021 499 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 no trial lopinavir while they were unable to swal-low. The regimen for interferon (mainly subcuta- Two new oral antiviral medications are available for treatment of COVID-19. Two new antiviral medications, ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid, ie, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio), are currently available in the US under emergency use authorization. These 2 drugs are authorized for treatment of patients with mild to ...Mar 16, 2021 · Antiviral drugs and COVID-19 The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus infection is associated with the unavailability of specific drug(s) to combat with this viral infection. To date, nearly 10 million people are infected and about 500,000 people die worldwide due to COVID-19 viral infection. † Lagevrio and Paxlovid are oral antiviral therapies indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who have received positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. Lagevrio is indicated for the treatment of adults aged ≥18 years for whom alternative COVID ...Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. [1] Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. [2] Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and ... Who can and cannot take it. How and when to take it. Side effects. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility. Taking Paxlovid with other medicines and herbal supplements.Who can and cannot take it. How and when to take it. Side effects. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility. Taking Paxlovid with other medicines and herbal supplements. From these results, it is evident that the use of these drugs for COVID-19 requires further investigation. An alternative treatment for COVID-19 is the utilization of convalescent plasma (CP) (Chen L. et al., 2020). This treatment refers to plasma therapy based on plasma or plasma derivatives, obtained from donors who were previously infected ...Two new oral antiviral medications are available for treatment of COVID-19. Two new antiviral medications, ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid, ie, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio), are currently available in the US under emergency use authorization. These 2 drugs are authorized for treatment of patients with mild to ...Jul 28, 2022 · The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug. And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start.Mar 24, 2021 · An international team of researchers has found that three commonly used antiviral and antimalarial drugs are effective in vitro at preventing replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The work also underscores the necessity of testing compounds against multiple cell lines to rule out false negative results. Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset. Feb 4, 2023 · The antiviral Paxlovid has changed the battle against COVID-19. It's so effective that more than 85% of people at risk for severe disease can avoid a bad outcome with a five-day course of the ... President Trump's COVID-19 Treatment Includes These Drugs. October 05, 2020 6:13 PM. Steve Baragona. FILE - Vials of the drug remdesivir are seen at a hospital in Germany, April 8, 2020. The list ...Agreement builds on Pfizer’s comprehensive strategy to work toward equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines and treatments for all people, particularly those living in the poorest parts of the world Agreement will enable qualified sub-licensees to supply countries comprising approximately 53% of the world’s population Interim data from the Phase 2/3 EPIC-HR study demonstrated an 89% reduction ...Nov 4, 2021 · The antiviral Lagevrio (molnupiravir) is safe and effective at reducing the risk of hospitalisation and death in people with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at increased risk of developing ... And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start.Influenza and COVID-19. The worldwide pandemic of the disease called COVID-19 has changed the way people look at “flu-like” symptoms. COVID-19 is caused by a different virus, not an influenza ...Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ...SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses known as Betacoronavirus in Coronaviridae, first reported late 2019 in China. It has since been circulating world-wide, causing the COVID-19 epidemic with high infectivity and fatality rates. As of the beginning of April 2021, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 130 ...Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. [1] Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. [2] Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and ...The US Food and Drug Administration hasn't listed oseltamivir in its drug shortage database, but the agency did acknowledge "localized shortages" of the drug on Dec 5. Drug restocking date uncertain Antiviral therapy is an important adjunct to vaccination in the prevention and control of the flu and can reduce the duration of flu symptoms and ...Mar 25, 2022 · As the drug target is not under the genetic control of the virus, the virus cannot mutate around it as readily, or at all. The iminosugars will also be antiviral against all variants of this coronavirus, including those for which vaccines are not yet available, and any mutants that might arise naturally or in response to direct acting antiviral drugs, such as protease inhibitors (eg, Paxlovid ... The omicron variant has mutations in both the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, which are targets for antiviral drugs such as RdRp inhibitors (remdesivir and molnupiravir) and the main protease inhibitor PF-07304814, 5 which arouses concern regarding the decreased effectiveness of these drugs against omicron.COVID-19 therapeutics can be used to prevent or treat eligible non-hospitalized patients who have mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Prevention and early treatment for eligible patients can help improve patient outcomes, reduce stress on healthcare facilities, and even save lives. At this time, Veklury (remdesivir) and Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir ...Mar 12, 2020 · In February 2020, China approved the use of the antiviral drug favilavir to treat symptoms of COVID-19. The drug was initially developed to treat inflammation in the nose and throat. Currently, humans are immersed in a pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which threatens public health worldwide. To date, no drug or vaccine has been approved to treat the severe disease caused by this coronavirus, COVID-19. In this paper, we will focus on the main virus-based and host-based targets that can guide efforts in medicinal ...Dec 31, 2021 · Two highly anticipated COVID-19 pills have been authorized for emergency use and allocated for shipment to states, but the supply is tight, and the rollout varies from state to state.. Pfizer's ... Credit: NIH/NIAID. Researchers have identified a powerful combination of antivirals to treat COVID-19. Combining the drug brequniar with remdesivir or molnupiravir—both approved by the U.S. Food ...The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug.A Government spokesman said that the list of private doctors who have obtained COVID-19 oral drugs for prescription, namely Paxlovid and Molnupiravir, through a dedicated online platform has been published on a designated website today (April 26). The Government had earlier announced that the above two COVID-19 oral drugs would be provided to ...There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ...There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Data have shown that the...Pfizer and Merck Covid-19 antiviral pills receive FDA emergency use authorization. ... Pfizer's pill is the first oral antiviral drug authorized by the FDA that is specifically designed to fight ...The Swiss company Molecular Partners has developed an antiviral drug for Covid-19, called ensovibep. The drug is a custom-made protein, made up of three sections that can each grab onto a ...There are several FDA-authorized or approved antiviral medications used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people who are more likely to get very sick. Antiviral treatments target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body, helping to prevent severe illness and death.May 26, 2023 · To access the Letters of Authorization and Fact Sheets for Healthcare Providers and Patients, Parents, and Caregivers for EUAs for drug and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic, see ... There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Nov 30, 2021 · Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ... Aug 22, 2023 · The Panel reviews the most recent clinical data to develop treatment recommendations for clinicians who are caring for patients with COVID-19. Antivirals, Including Antibody Products These sections summarize data on the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. [1] Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. [2] Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and ...Recommendations for the use of antiviral agents to treat COVID-19 Remdesivir Information on the use of intravenous remdesivir as treatment for COVID-19 Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) Drug interactions and other considerations for the use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) MolnupiravirThe NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming seriously ill. See treatments for coronavirus for further ...Antiviral drugs can help your body fight off viruses like COVID-19. Learn more about forms of antivirals approved for COVID-19 treatment. Nov 25, 2021 · The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1 Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and ... There are two antiviral medications that have been issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. FDA: Pfizer’s Paxlovid and Merck’s molnupiravir. Both treatments are in limited supply, and a prescription does not guarantee the medication will be available. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 ...Feb 28, 2022 · Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 treatments. The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming ... A Government spokesman said that the list of private doctors who have obtained COVID-19 oral drugs for prescription, namely Paxlovid and Molnupiravir, through a dedicated online platform has been published on a designated website today (April 26). The Government had earlier announced that the above two COVID-19 oral drugs would be provided to ...Today, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 ...Feb 4, 2023 · The antiviral Paxlovid has changed the battle against COVID-19. It's so effective that more than 85% of people at risk for severe disease can avoid a bad outcome with a five-day course of the ... May 26, 2023 · There are two antiviral medications that have been issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. FDA: Pfizer’s Paxlovid and Merck’s molnupiravir. Both treatments are in limited supply, and a prescription does not guarantee the medication will be available. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 ...
Dec 31, 2021 · Two highly anticipated COVID-19 pills have been authorized for emergency use and allocated for shipment to states, but the supply is tight, and the rollout varies from state to state.. Pfizer's ... . Deg
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ...Types of EUA-authorized Products CDER’s EUA page lists all therapeutic products currently authorized under an EUA, as well as the current product Fact Sheets and additional information for health...Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai...Today, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the first oral antiviral for treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 ...The Therapeutic Goods Association also maintains a list of COVID-19 treatments that have been approved for use in Australia. What oral COVID-19 antiviral medicines can people take at home? People with COVID-19 who don’t need oxygen and are not in hospital may be eligible for either Lagevrio or Paxlovid if they meet certain criteria. Lagevrio ... Dec 2, 2020 · n engl j med 384;6 nejm.org February 11, 2021 499 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 no trial lopinavir while they were unable to swal-low. The regimen for interferon (mainly subcuta- Ibuprofen, which is also known by the brand names Advil and Motrin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These types of medications can help lower your fever and minimize muscle aches from COVID-19, while also reducing some inflammation in your body. Ibuprofen doesn’t treat the virus itself, but it can make you feel a lot better.This drug has further been demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) in in vitro screening assays , but failed to offer protection in ZIKV-infected mice . Recently, Caly et al. reported on the antiviral activity of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 . These authors demonstrated that a single ...Veklury is a COVID-19 treatment given intravenously (by IV or drip). Like oral antivirals, Veklury helps stop the virus that causes COVID-19 from making copies of itself in your body. WHO is eligible to receive Veklury? Adults 18 and over; Children who are 28 days of age or older and weigh at least 7 pounds (3 kg) AND who:Here are 15 herbs with powerful antiviral activity. 1. Oregano. Oregano is a popular herb in the mint family that’s known for its impressive medicinal qualities. Its plant compounds, which ...Sep 12, 2021 · In a way, COVID-19 is a disease of two stages, says Raymond Schinazi, who develops antiviral drugs at Emory University. During the first stage of the disease, the virus makes copies of itself in ... Pfizer’s oral antiviral drug (a combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir tablets) is strongly recommended for patients with non-severe COVID-19 who are at highest risk of developing severe disease and hospitalization, such as unvaccinated, older, or immunosuppressed patients.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ...Sep 12, 2021 · In a way, COVID-19 is a disease of two stages, says Raymond Schinazi, who develops antiviral drugs at Emory University. During the first stage of the disease, the virus makes copies of itself in ... Oct 15, 2021 · On Sept. 27, Pfizer said that it was launching a late-phase clinical trial to test whether, in combination with another drug, its oral COVID-19 antiviral can prevent infection with the coronavirus ... Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. ... scabies). 3 The in vitro antiviral activity of ivermectin has been explored ...The antiviral drug remdesivir, for example, is a polymerase inhibitor that works similarly to molnupiravir, and it has been shown to be effective against Covid-19, but it can be administered only ...There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. - Mayo Clinic COVID-19 drugs: Are there any that work? I've heard several drugs mentioned as possible treatments for COVID-19. What are they and how do they work? Answer From Daniel C. DeSimone, M.D. The FDA has approved an antiviral drug called remdesivir (Veklury) to treat COVID-19 in adults and children who are age 12 and older..